Semantic Web

Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Semantic Web shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Semantic Web offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Semantic Web at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Semantic Web? Wrong! If the Semantic Web is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Semantic Web then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Semantic Web? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Semantic Web and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Semantic Web wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Semantic Web then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Semantic Web site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Semantic Web, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Semantic Web, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

The semantic web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which web content can be expressed not only in natural language, but also in a format that can be machine readable and used by software agents, thus permitting them to find, share and Digital integration information more easily.http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#What1 It derives from World Wide Web Consortium director Sir Tim Berners-Lee's vision of the Web as a universal medium for data, information, and knowledge exchange.

At its core, the semantic web comprises a philosophy,http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/Activity a set of design principles,http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/ collaborative working groups, and a variety of enabling technologies. Some elements of the semantic web are expressed as prospective future possibilities that have yet to be implemented or realized.http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/SW-FAQ#What3 Other elements of the semantic web are expressed in formal specifications.http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/#spec Some of these include Resource Description Framework (RDF), a variety of data interchange formats (e.g. Resource Description Framework, Notation 3, Turtle (syntax), N-Triples), and notations such as RDF Schema (RDFS) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL), all of which are intended to provide a description logic of concepts, terminology, and Causality within a given knowledge domain.

Purpose Humans are capable of using the Web to carry out tasks such as finding the Finnish word for "car", to reserve a library book, or to search for the cheapest DVD and buy it. However, a computer cannot accomplish the same tasks without human direction because web pages are designed to be read by people, not machines. The semantic web is a vision of information that is understandable by computers, so that they can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding, sharing and combining information on the web.

For example, a computer might be instructed to list the prices of flat screen HDTVs larger than 40 inches with 1080p resolution at shops in the nearest town that are open until 8pm on Tuesday evenings. Today, this task requires search engines that are individually tailored to every website being searched. The semantic web provides a common standard (RDF) for websites to publish the relevant information in a more readily machine-processable and integratable form.

Tim Berners-Lee originally expressed the vision of the semantic web as follows{{cite book | last = Berners-Lee | first = Tim | authorlink = Tim Berners-Lee | coauthors = Fischetti, Mark | title = [Tim Berners Lee#Weaving the Web | publisher = [HarperSanFrancisco | date = 1999 | pages = chapter 12 | isbn = 9780062515872 -->:

Semantic publishing will benefit greatly from the semantic web. In particular, the semantic web is expected to revolutionize academic publishing, such as real-time publishing and sharing of experimental data on the Internet. This simple but radical idea is now being explored by W3C HCLS group's Scientific Publishing Task Force.

Tim Berners-Lee has further stated{{cite web| url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/23/business/web.php| title = A 'more revolutionary' Web| accessdate = 2006-05-24| author = Victoria Shannon| date = 2006-06-26| work = International Herald Tribune-->:

Relationship to the Hypertext Web Markup Many files on a typical computer can be loosely divided into documents and data.Documents, like mail messages, reports and brochures, are read by humans.Data, like calendars, addressbooks, playlists and spreadsheets, are presented using an application program which lets them be viewed, searched and combined in many ways.

Currently, the World Wide Web is based mainly on documents written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a markup convention that is used for coding a body of text interspersed with multimedia objects such as images and interactive forms. Metadata tags, for example provide a method by which computers can read the content of web pages.

The semantic web takes the concept further; it involves publishing the data in a language, Resource Description Framework (RDF), specifically for data, so that it can be manipulated and combined just as can data files on a local computer.

The HTML language describes documents and the links between them. RDF, by contrast, describes arbitrary things such as people, meetings, and airplane parts.

For example, with HTML and a tool to render it (perhaps Web browser software, perhaps another user agent), one can create and present a page that lists items for sale. The HTML of this catalog page can make simple, document-level assertions such as "this document's title is 'Widget Superstore'". But there is no capability within the HTML itself to assert unambiguously that, for example, item number X586172 is an Acme Gizmo with a retail price of €199, or that it is a consumer product. Rather, HTML can only say that the span of text "X586172" is something that should be positioned near "Acme Gizmo" and "€ 199", etc. There is no way to say "this is a catalog" or even to establish that "Acme Gizmo" is a kind of title or that "€ 199" is a price. There is also no way to express that these pieces of information are bound together in describing a discrete item, distinct from other items perhaps listed on the page.

See also: Semantic HTML, Linked Data.

Descriptive, and extensible The semantic web addresses this shortcoming, using the descriptive technologies Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL), and the data-centric, customizable Extensible Markup Language (XML). These technologies are combined in order to provide descriptions that supplement or replace the content of Web documents. Thus, content may manifest as descriptive data stored in Web-accessible databases, or as markup within documents (particularly, in Extensible HTML (XHTML) interspersed with XML, or, more often, purely in XML, with layout/rendering cues stored separately). The machine-readable descriptions enable content managers to add meaning to the content, i.e. to describe the structure of the knowledge we have about that content. In this way, a machine can process knowledge itself, instead of text, using processes similar to human deductive reasoning and inference, thereby obtaining more meaningful results and facilitating automated information gathering and research by computers.

Skeptical reactions Practical feasibility Some critics question the basic feasibility of a complete or even partial fulfillment of the semantic web. Some develop their critique from the perspective of human behavior and personal preferences, which ostensibly diminish the likelihood of its fulfillment (see e.g., metacrap). Other commentators object that there are limitations that stem from the current state of software engineering itself. (see e.g., Leaky abstraction).

Where semantic web technologies have found a greater degree of practical adoption, it has tended to be among core specialized communities and organizations for intra company projects.{{cite web| url = http://www.w3.org/2007/Talks/0424-Stavanger-IH/Slides.pdf| title = State of the Semantic Web| accessdate = 2007-07-26| author = Ivan Herman| date = 2007| work = Semantic Days 2007--> The practical constraints toward adoption have appeared less challenging where domain and scope is more limited than that of the general public and the world wide web.

An unrealized idea The original 2001 Scientific American article (from Berners-Lee) described an expected evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web. Such an evolution has yet to occur, indeed a more recent article from Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that: "This simple idea, however, remains largely unrealized." {{cite web| url = http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12614/01/Semantic_Web_Revisted.pdf| title = The Semantic Web Revisited| accessdate = 2007-04-13| author = Nigel Shadbolt, Wendy Hall, Tim Berners-Lee| date = 2006| work = IEEE Intelligent Systems-->Nonetheless, the recognized authorities in the Semantic Web keep asserting the feasibility of the original idea, and sometimes they even claim that many of the components of the initial vision have been already deployed.

Censorship and privacy Enthusiasm about the semantic web could be tempered by concerns regarding censorship and privacy. For instance, Intelligent text analysis techniques can now be easily bypassed by using other words, metaphors for instance, or by using images in place of words. An advanced implementation of the semantic web would make it much easier for governments to control the viewing and creation of online information, as this information would be much easier for an automated content-blocking machine to understand. In addition, the issue has also been raised that, with the use of FOAF (software) files and Geolocation meta-data, there would be very little anonymity associated with the authorship of articles on things such as a personal blog.

Doubling output formats Another criticism of the semantic web is that it would be much more time-consuming to create and publish content because there would need to be two formats for one piece of data: one for human viewing and one for machines. With this being the case, it would be much less likely for companies to adopt these practices, as it would only slow down their progress. However, many web applications in development are addressing this issue by creating a machine-readable format upon the publishing of data or the request of a machine for such data. The development of microformats has been one reaction to this kind of criticism.

Specifications such as eRDF (data format) and RDFa allow arbitrary RDF data to be embedded in HTML pages. The GRDDL (Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Language) mechanism allows existing material (including microformats) to be automatically interpreted as RDF, so publishers only need to use a single format, such as HTML.

Components XML, XML Schema, RDF, OWL, SPARQL The semantic web comprises the standards and tools of XML, XML Schema, Resource Description Framework, RDF Schema and Web Ontology Language. The OWL Web Ontology Language Overview describes the function and relationship of each of these components of the semantic web:

XML provides an elemental syntax for content structure within documents, yet associates no semantics with the meaning of the content contained within.
XML Schema is a language for providing and restricting the structure and content of elements contained within XML documents.
Resource Description Framework is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer to objects ("Resource (Web)s") and their relationships. An RDF-based model can be represented in XML syntax.
RDF Schema is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF-based resources, with semantics for generalized-hierarchies of such properties and classes.
Web Ontology Language adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. "exactly one"), equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and enumerated classes.
SPARQL is a protocol and query language for semantic web data sources.

Current ongoing standardizations include:

Rule Interchange Format (RIF) as the Rule Layer of the Semantic web stack

The intent is to enhance the usability and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected resource (computer science) through:

servers which expose existing data systems using the RDF and SPARQL standards. Many converters to RDF exist from different applications. Relational databases are an important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing system without affecting its operation.
documents "marked up" with semantic information (an extension (computing) of the HTML HTML elements used in today's Web pages to supply information for Web search engines using web crawlers). This could be machine-understandable information about the human-understandable content of the document (such as the creator, title, description, etc., of the document) or it could be purely Metadata (computing) representing a set of facts (such as resources and services elsewhere in the site). (Note that anything that can be identified with a Uniform Resource Identifier (Uniform Resource Identifier) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc.) Semantic markup is often generated automatically, rather than manually.
common metadata vocabularies (Ontology (computer science)) and maps between vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied metadata (so that Author in the sense of 'the Author of the page' won't be confused with Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of a book review).
automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data
web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply information specifically to agents (for example, a Trust service that an agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or spamming).

RDF - URI, XML, namespaces The primary facilitators of this technology are URIs (which identify resources) along with XML and Namespace (computer science). These, together with a bit of logic, form RDF, which can be used to say anything about anything. As well as Resource Description Framework, many other technologies such as Topic Maps and pre-web artificial intelligence technologies are likely to love to the semantic web.

Projects Neurocommons The Neurocommons is an open RDF database developed by Science Commons. It was compiled from major life sciences databases with a focus on neuroscience. It is accessible via a web-based front end using the SPARQL query language at its original location and at the DERI mirror location.

FOAF A popular application of the semantic web is FOAF (software) (or FoaF), which describes relationships among people and other agents in terms of RDF.

SIOC The SIOC Project - Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities provides a vocabulary of terms and relationships that model web data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include, among others: discussion forums, weblogs, blogrolls / feed subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks, image galleries.

SIMILE Semantic Interoperability of Metadata and Information in unLike Environments Massachusetts Institute of Technology

SIMILE is a joint project, conducted by the MIT Libraries and MIT CSAIL, which seeks to enhance interoperability among digital assets, schemata/vocabularies/ontologies, meta data, and services.

Linking Open Data

The Linking Open Data project is a community lead effort to create openly accessible, and interlinked, RDF Data on the Web. The data in question takes the form of RDF Data Sets drawn from a broad collection of data sources. There is a focus on the Linked Data style of publishing RDF on the Web.

The project is one of several sponsored by the W3C's Semantic Web Education & Outreach Interest Group ( SWEO)

Tools Browsers A semantic web Browser is a form of Web User Agent that expressly requests RDF data from Web Servers using the best practice known as "Content Negotiation". These tools provide a user interface that enables data-link oriented navigation of RDF data by dereferencing the data links (URIs) in the RDF Data Sets returned by Web Servers.

Examples of semantic web browsers include:

Tabulator
DISCO
OpenLink RDF Browser
OntoWiki Browser
Crowbar - SIMILE

Services Notification Services Semantic Web Ping Service The Semantic Web Ping Service is a notification service for the semantic web that tracks the creation and modification of RDF based data sources on the Web. It provides Web Services for loosely coupled monitoring of RDF data. In addition, it provides a breakdown of RDF data sources tracked by vocabulary that includes: SIOC, FOAF, DOAP, RDFS, and OWL.

Piggy Bank Another freely downloadable tool is the plug-in to Firefox, Piggy Bank. Piggy Bank works by extracting or translating web scripts into RDF information and storing this information on the user’s computer. This information can then be retrieved independently of the original context and used in other contexts, for example by using Google Maps to display information. Piggy Bank works with a new service, Semantic Bank, which combines the idea of tagging information with the new web languages. Piggy Bank was developed by the Simile Project, which also provides RDFizers, tools that can be used to translate specific types of information, for example weather reports for US zip codes, into RDF. Efforts like these could ease a potentially troublesome transition between the web of today and its semantic successor.

See also Concepts and methodologies

DARPA Agent Markup Language
Description logic
DOAP
Dublin Core
Epistematics
Microformats
Multimedia Web Ontology Language(MOWL)
Knowledge representation, Knowledge technologies

Ontology alignment
RDFa Embedding RDF in XHTML
Semantic desktop
Semantic URL
Semantic publishing
Semantic service oriented architecture
Semantic spectrum
Semantic translation
Semantic Reasoner
Semantic wiki
SIOC (SIOC)
SKOS
SPARQL - Semantic Web Query Language
Terminology extraction

Description of a Career
Expert system
Geoweb
Implicit web
Metadata publishing
Social Semantic Web
Web 3.0

Companies and applications

Metaweb Technologies, Inc. — developing a free semantic database, Freebase
Radar Networks — developing semantic web applications for the general public
Semantic MediaWiki

Swoogle - a search engine for Resource Description Framework documents on the Web
Quintura - a search index of word relations connecting a semantic query with its context.

References

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| author = Michael C. Daconta, Leo J. Obrst, Kevin T. Smith| date = 30 May 2003s, and [Knowledge Management| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| id = ISBN 0-471-43257-1-->

{{cite book

| author = Dieter Fensel, Wolfgang Wahlster, Henry Lieberman, [James Hendler [2002 Press| id = ISBN 0-262-06232-1-->

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{{cite book

| author = John Davies, Dieter Fensel, [Frank van Harmelen [2003-Driven Knowledge Management| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| id = ISBN 0-470-84867-7-->

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{{cite book

| author = Jeffrey T. Pollock, Ralph Hodgson| date = 21 July 2004| title = Adaptive Information: Improving Business Through Semantic Interoperability, Grid Computing, and Enterprise Integration| id = ISBN 0-471-48854-2-->

{{cite book

Heather Green A Web That Thinks Like You, Businessweek.com, July 9, 2007
Michael Copeland Weaving the Semantic Web, Business2.com, July 3, 2007
Semantic Focus
Minding the Planet: The Meaning and Future of the Semantic Web
The Third Generation Web is Coming
Wikipedia 3.0: The End of Google?
The Semantic Web FAQ aims to provide answers to common questions about the semantic web, in language that lay-readers can understand.
The Semantic Web Scientific American, May 2001, the defining article by Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila
The Semantic Web Revisited by Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee and Wendy Hall, IEEE Intelligent Systems 21(3) pp. 96-101, May/June 2006
Semantic Web Activity at the World Wide Web Consortium (splash page)
Searching semantic Documents in Internet
Recuperación y organización de la información(Spanish)
Web 3.0 = Semantic Web?
Mashups in the Middle - Bridging the Gap to the Semantic Web
Nooron - a distributed ecosystem of evolving knowledge, logic and presentation
What is Semantic Web Life Science?
Semantic Web FAQ (maintained by the W3C SWEO group)
Semantic Web Cases Studies and Use Cases (maintained by the W3C SWEO group)
Demonstration of the Semantic Web (maintained by Cortex Intelligence)
Demonstration of the Semantic Web components (maintained by Ambient Webs LLC)
Semantic Technology News Includes an actively-maintained list of real-world semantic web case studies.

XML provides an elemental syntax for content structure within documents, yet associates no semantics with the meaning of the content contained within.
XML Schema is a language for providing and restricting the structure and content of elements contained within XML documents.
Resource Description Framework is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer to objects ("Resource (Web)s") and their relationships. An RDF-based model can be represented in XML syntax.
RDF Schema is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF-based resources, with semantics for generalized-hierarchies of such properties and classes.
Web Ontology Language adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. "exactly one"), equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and enumerated classes.
SPARQL is a protocol and query language for semantic web data sources.

Current ongoing standardizations include:

Rule Interchange Format (RIF) as the Rule Layer of the Semantic web stack

The intent is to enhance the usability and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected resource (computer science) through:

servers which expose existing data systems using the RDF and SPARQL standards. Many converters to RDF exist from different applications. Relational databases are an important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing system without affecting its operation.
documents "marked up" with semantic information (an extension (computing) of the HTML HTML elements used in today's Web pages to supply information for Web search engines using web crawlers). This could be machine-understandable information about the human-understandable content of the document (such as the creator, title, description, etc., of the document) or it could be purely Metadata (computing) representing a set of facts (such as resources and services elsewhere in the site). (Note that anything that can be identified with a Uniform Resource Identifier (Uniform Resource Identifier) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc.) Semantic markup is often generated automatically, rather than manually.
common metadata vocabularies (Ontology (computer science)) and maps between vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied metadata (so that Author in the sense of 'the Author of the page' won't be confused with Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of a book review).
automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data
web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply information specifically to agents (for example, a Trust service that an agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or spamming).

Tabulator
DISCO
OpenLink RDF Browser
OntoWiki Browser
Crowbar - SIMILE

DARPA Agent Markup Language
Description logic
DOAP
Dublin Core
Epistematics
Microformats
Multimedia Web Ontology Language(MOWL)
Knowledge representation, Knowledge technologies

Ontology alignment
RDFa Embedding RDF in XHTML
Semantic desktop
Semantic URL
Semantic publishing
Semantic service oriented architecture
Semantic spectrum
Semantic translation
Semantic Reasoner
Semantic wiki
SIOC (SIOC)
SKOS
SPARQL - Semantic Web Query Language
Terminology extraction

Description of a Career
Expert system
Geoweb
Implicit web
Metadata publishing
Social Semantic Web
Web 3.0

Companies and applications

Metaweb Technologies, Inc. — developing a free semantic database, Freebase
Radar Networks — developing semantic web applications for the general public
Semantic MediaWiki

Swoogle - a search engine for Resource Description Framework documents on the Web
Quintura - a search index of word relations connecting a semantic query with its context.

References

{{cite book

{{cite book

{{cite book

| author = Michael C. Daconta, Leo J. Obrst, Kevin T. Smith| date = 30 May 2003s, and [Knowledge Management| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| id = ISBN 0-471-43257-1-->

{{cite book

| author = Dieter Fensel, Wolfgang Wahlster, Henry Lieberman, [James Hendler [2002 Press| id = ISBN 0-262-06232-1-->

{{cite book

{{cite book

{{cite book

{{cite book

| author = John Davies, Dieter Fensel, [Frank van Harmelen [2003-Driven Knowledge Management| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| id = ISBN 0-470-84867-7-->

{{cite book

{{cite book

{{cite book

Heather Green A Web That Thinks Like You, Businessweek.com, July 9, 2007
Michael Copeland Weaving the Semantic Web, Business2.com, July 3, 2007
Semantic Focus
Minding the Planet: The Meaning and Future of the Semantic Web
The Third Generation Web is Coming
Wikipedia 3.0: The End of Google?
The Semantic Web FAQ aims to provide answers to common questions about the semantic web, in language that lay-readers can understand.
The Semantic Web Scientific American, May 2001, the defining article by Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila
The Semantic Web Revisited by Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee and Wendy Hall, IEEE Intelligent Systems 21(3) pp. 96-101, May/June 2006
Semantic Web Activity at the World Wide Web Consortium (splash page)
Searching semantic Documents in Internet
Recuperación y organización de la información(Spanish)
Web 3.0 = Semantic Web?
Mashups in the Middle - Bridging the Gap to the Semantic Web
Nooron - a distributed ecosystem of evolving knowledge, logic and presentation
What is Semantic Web Life Science?
Semantic Web FAQ (maintained by the W3C SWEO group)
Semantic Web Cases Studies and Use Cases (maintained by the W3C SWEO group)
Demonstration of the Semantic Web (maintained by Cortex Intelligence)
Demonstration of the Semantic Web components (maintained by Ambient Webs LLC)
Semantic Technology News Includes an actively-maintained list of real-world semantic web case studies.

The KMi Semantic Web Portal
The KMi semantic web portal generates and maintains high quality semantic mark-ups extracted from heterogeneous sources including text, web pages and databases.

Semantic Web
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Beautiful, bespoke websites. Grow your business online. Satisfaction Guaranteed. ... Every project we have shared has been a delight...” Mark Franklin Usborne Books at Home

Main Page - semanticweb.org
The Semantic Web is the extension of the World Wide Web that enables people to share content beyond the boundaries of applications and websites.

W3C Semantic Web Activity
W3C Semantic Web Activity. The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries.

Semantic Web - XML2000 - slide "Architecture"
Architecture

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The Semantic Web Gang » Blog Archive » April 2008: The Semantic ...
The Semantic Web Gang is a monthly round-table podcast hosted by Paul Miller and featuring a regular panel of commentators on the Semantic Web. Guests join the Gang from time to ...

Semantic Web - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Semantic Web is an evolving extension of the World Wide Web in which the semantics of information and services on the web is defined, making it possible for the web to ...

PowerMagpie—a Semantic ‘Web Browser’
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